{"id":2158,"date":"2025-12-04T13:09:47","date_gmt":"2025-12-04T09:39:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/?p=2158"},"modified":"2025-12-04T13:09:50","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T09:39:50","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%ae%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/2025\/12\/04\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%ae%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u061f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 130 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Understanding Aluminum)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a (Properties and Characteristics)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061f \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a (Applications Across Industries)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0637\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0632\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 (Manufacturing Processes)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a (Bauxite) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<sup>1<\/sup> \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 (Casting)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b\u0642 (Extrusion)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 (Rolling).<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 130 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">130 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Aluminum rod)\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a AAC \u0648 AAAC \u0648 ABC).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a (Fasteners):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 (Deoxidation):<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Aluminum Rod 12) \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629.<sup>3<\/sup> \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 ($Al_2O_3$)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0634\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 (Alloy) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Temper) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.4 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 6061 \u06487075 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. \u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; (Galvanic corrosion)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 &#8220;\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0623&#8221; (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f). \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 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\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>14. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a (Grades) \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 6061 (\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644)\u060c 7075 (\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u06485052 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>15. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>16. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>17. \u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>18. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 (\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>19. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>20. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>21. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>22. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0647. \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (Alloying) \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>23. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>24. \u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>25. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>26. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>27. \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649: \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 6061 \u0623\u0645 7075\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 7075 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 6061 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>28. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 5 \u0645\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>29. \u0647\u0644 7075 T6 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>30. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>31. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>32. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>33. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>34. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 TIG \u0623\u0648 MIG).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>35. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 9.5 \u0645\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 25 \u0645\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>36. \u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0648\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>37. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 (Buckling).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>38. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>39. \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>40. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>41. \u0647\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645&#8221; \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Vibranium) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>42. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 (\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>43. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a&#8221; (Receivers) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>44. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a 100% \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>45. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>46. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062e\u0631\u0629) \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>47. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>48. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 (Machining).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>49. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>50. \u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>51. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Porosity) \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>52. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 (Braze) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>53. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>54. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 (\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>55. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>56. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0644\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>57. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>58. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>59. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>60. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u064b &#8220;\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 &#8220;\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b&#8221; \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>61. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>62. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631&#8221; (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641)\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>63. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 5 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 (\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f)\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 (Tungsten): \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 (Chromium): \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<sup>6<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Titanium): \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rhenium): \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<sup>7<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Osmium): \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0628.<sup>8<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>64. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>65. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>66. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>67. \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>68. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0644\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>69. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>70. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0646\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>71. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>72. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a 100% \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0646\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>73. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>74. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>75. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0646\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>76. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>77. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0646\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>78. \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0646\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>79. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>80. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631) \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>81. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>82. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>83. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>84. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>85. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>86. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>87. \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>88. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631&#8221;\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>89. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>90. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>91. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 5 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rhodium): \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629.<sup>9<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Platinum): \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629.<sup>10<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 (Gold): \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Palladium): \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Iridium): \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<sup>11<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>92. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 5 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (Iron): \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Aluminum): \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631.<sup>12<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (Zinc): \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 (Lead): \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (Copper): (\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>93. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 61.0% \u0625\u0644\u0649 64.9% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (IACS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>94. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629&#8221; (Continuous casting and rolling).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>95. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>96. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>97. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>98. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>99. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 (Mill finish)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0629 (Anodized)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>100. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM \u0648 ISO \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>101. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a (Coils)\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>102. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062e\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0644 (Lower sag)\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>103. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>104. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>105. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>106. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f: 120-190 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (MPa)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629: 10%-25%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>107. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM B233).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>108. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>109. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>110. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631&#8221;\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>111. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Annealing)\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 (Ductility) \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>112. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>113. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM B316 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>114. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0629 (Anodizing)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 (Powder coating).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>115. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 95% \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>116. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>117. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>118. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 (\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>119. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Intermetallic phases)\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>120. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>121. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0625\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627&#8221; (Elka Mehr Kimiya)\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 (Ingots)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>122. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0625\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627&#8221; \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>123. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 (ISO).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>124. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>125. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 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\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2159,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2158"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2158\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2160,"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2158\/revisions\/2160"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2159"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elkamehr.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}